Phishing vs. Pharming: Differences, Examples, and How to Mitigate

What Is Phishing? 

Phishing is a cyber attack that aims to trick email recipients into believing that a message is something they want or need — for example, a request from their bank or a note from someone in their company. In this way, attackers convince the recipient to divulge sensitive information, click a link or download an attachment.

By impersonating trustworthy entities, attackers lure individuals into providing sensitive data such as personal information, banking and credit card details, and passwords. This information can then be used for fraudulent activities or unauthorized access to the victim’s accounts.

What Is Pharming? 

Pharming is a cyberattack that redirects a website’s traffic to a fraudulent site without the user’s knowledge. It manipulates the domain name system (DNS) or exploits a vulnerability in the DNS server to achieve this redirection. 

Unlike phishing, which often deceives individuals into clicking on malicious links, pharming can automatically redirect users even if they type the correct web address into their browser. Pharming requires more technical skill than phishing as it involves compromising the infrastructure that routes internet traffic.

This type of attack is particularly dangerous because it can occur without any visible signs to the user, making it harder to detect. Victims believe they are visiting legitimate sites and may enter sensitive information like login credentials, personal details, or financial data, which then falls into the hands of attackers. 

How Does Phishing Work? 

Phishing attacks typically follow a multi-step process designed to deceive the target into divulging sensitive information or performing an action beneficial to the attacker.

1. Preparation and research: Attackers gather information about their targets to create convincing messages. This may involve researching the target’s social media profiles, company details, or other publicly available information.
2. Crafting the bait: Attackers design emails or messages that appear to come from legitimate sources, such as banks, online services, or colleagues. These messages often contain urgent language, prompting the recipient to act quickly.
3. Distribution: Phishing emails or messages are sent to the targeted individuals. Attackers may use mass mailing techniques to reach a large audience or spear-phishing tactics to target specific individuals or organizations.
4. Exploitation: The recipient is tricked into clicking a malicious link, downloading an infected attachment, or providing sensitive information such as login credentials or credit card numbers. The fraudulent website or form is designed to look authentic, further convincing the victim of its legitimacy.
5. Harvesting Information: Once the victim provides the requested information, attackers collect and use this data for fraudulent activities, such as unauthorized access to accounts, identity theft, or financial theft.

Modern phishing attacks leveraging generative AI

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced a significant threat to cybersecurity, particularly in the realm of phishing. These advanced AI systems can automate the creation of highly convincing and personalized phishing emails by analyzing vast amounts of publicly available data to tailor messages that are nearly indistinguishable from legitimate ones. 

This capability not only makes phishing attempts more convincing but also allows attackers to scale their operations, generating thousands of targeted emails at minimal cost. Additionally, despite existing safeguards, LLMs can be manipulated through prompt engineering to bypass restrictions.

Related content: Read our guide to phishing detection

How Does Pharming Work? 

Pharming attacks involve redirecting users from legitimate websites to fraudulent ones without their knowledge. This is achieved through sophisticated DNS manipulation or by infecting the victim’s device with malware. An attack typically involves the following steps:

1. Manipulating DNS, typically using one of these techniques:
   1. DNS poisoning: Attackers compromise DNS servers or cache, altering the DNS entries that map domain names to IP addresses. This causes requests for legitimate websites to be redirected to malicious sites. DNS poisoning can occur at various points in the DNS hierarchy, making it a potent and widespread threat.
   2. Malware infection: Alternatively, attackers can infect the victim’s device with malware that modifies local DNS settings. This ensures that even if the user types the correct web address, they are redirected to a fraudulent site. This method often involves distributing malware through email attachments, malicious downloads, or drive-by downloads from compromised websites.
2. Redirection: When the victim attempts to visit a legitimate website, their request is intercepted and redirected to a counterfeit site. These fake sites are designed to look identical to the legitimate ones, deceiving the user into entering sensitive information.
3. Data collection: As users interact with the fraudulent site, attackers collect the entered information, such as login credentials, personal details, and financial data. This data can then be used for identity theft, unauthorized transactions, or sold on the dark web.
4. Persistence: To maintain the redirection, attackers may implement mechanisms that ensure the malicious DNS entries remain active. This could involve periodic updates to the DNS cache or reinfection of compromised devices.

Phishing vs. Pharming: Key Differences

Objective 

Phishing campaigns aim to acquire sensitive information directly from the target by exploiting their trust. Phishers impersonate legitimate entities, such as financial institutions or familiar contacts, to convince victims to hand over personal details, credentials, or financial information. This approach relies on social engineering tactics, aiming to create a sense of urgency or fear.

Pharming seeks to redirect internet traffic from a legitimate site to a fraudulent one without the user’s knowledge. The end goal remains similar—acquiring personal and financial information—but the method involves compromising DNS servers or exploiting vulnerabilities in a user’s device to alter DNS settings.

Attack Method 

Phishing employs deceptive communication, primarily through emails or messages that appear to be from reputable sources, to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information. This method relies on crafting convincing content that prompts the recipient to take immediate action, such as clicking on a malicious link or providing personal details. These communications must appear legitimate and urgent.

Pharming bypasses the need for direct interaction with the target by exploiting vulnerabilities within the DNS system. Attackers redirect users to fraudulent websites by altering DNS entries at various points – either in the user’s device (through malware) or within the DNS infrastructure itself. This technique can be more technically demanding than phishing as it requires knowledge of how Internet traffic is routed and often involves compromising the integrity of network systems. 

Level of Complexity 

Phishing attacks tend to be simpler to execute compared to pharming. They require less technical knowledge, relying more on the psychological manipulation of the target rather. As such, these attacks can be launched by individuals with varying levels of cyber skill, making phishing a common entry point for many cybercriminals.

Pharming attacks demand a higher level of technical sophistication. Manipulating DNS records or exploiting server vulnerabilities to redirect web traffic requires an understanding of network protocols and systems that is beyond the reach of average Internet users. This complexity makes pharming attacks harder to execute and harder to detect and mitigate. 

Examples of Phishing and Pharming

Examples of phishing

Phishing often involves emails that appear to be from trusted entities like banks, requesting urgent action. For example, a user might receive an email that looks like it’s from their bank, stating there has been suspicious activity on their account and urging them to click a link to verify their identity. The link leads to a fake website designed to steal login credentials. 

Another common example is an email claiming the recipient has won a prize or inheritance, with a request to provide personal information or make a payment to claim it.

Examples of pharming

For pharming attacks, a typical example is when a user types the URL of their bank’s website into their browser and is unknowingly redirected to a fraudulent version of the site without realizing it. This can happen if malware on the user’s computer or an exploited vulnerability in the DNS system alters DNS settings. 

Another example is when cybercriminals compromise the DNS server of an ISP, redirecting multiple users visiting legitimate sites to malicious pages designed to harvest personal and financial information.

5 Ways to Mitigate Pharming 

Implement DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions)

DNSSEC adds an extra layer of security to the DNS by enabling DNS responses to be verified through digital signatures. This cryptographic approach ensures that the data received from a DNS query has not been altered or forged. 

By implementing DNSSEC, organizations can protect users from being redirected to fraudulent websites. It works by adding digital signatures to DNS data, which are then verified by the user’s resolver. This validation process prevents attackers from successfully carrying out DNS spoofing or cache poisoning attacks, thereby safeguarding the integrity of DNS responses and ensuring users reach legitimate sites.

Use Encrypted Connections

Employing HTTPS and TLS (Transport Layer Security) ensures that the communication between the user’s browser and the website is encrypted. HTTPS not only encrypts the data in transit but also authenticates the website, ensuring that users are connected to the intended server. 

Encryption prevents attackers from intercepting or modifying the data being transmitted between the user and the website. Additionally, encrypted connections help users identify legitimate websites, as browsers typically display a padlock icon or other security indicators for sites using HTTPS. This visual cue reassures users that their connection is secure, reducing the likelihood of falling victim to pharming attacks.

Deploy Anti-Malware and Antivirus Software

Anti-malware and antivirus software can detect and remove malicious software that might alter DNS settings on a user’s device. Keeping these tools updated ensures they can recognize and mitigate new threats. Regular scans and real-time protection can prevent malware from redirecting traffic to fraudulent sites. 

In addition, advanced security solutions offer features like heuristic analysis and behavioral monitoring, which can detect previously unknown threats by analyzing suspicious activities and patterns. By deploying comprehensive anti-malware and antivirus software, users and organizations can prevent the installation and execution of malware that facilitates pharming attacks.

Monitor DNS Traffic

Continuous monitoring of DNS traffic can help identify unusual patterns or unauthorized changes. Security teams can set up alerts for anomalies, such as unexpected DNS requests or changes to DNS configurations. Early detection of suspicious activity allows for quick response to potential pharming attacks, reducing the risk of large-scale impact. 

Advanced monitoring tools can analyze DNS traffic in real-time, providing insights into query patterns, response times, and potential security breaches. By proactively monitoring DNS traffic, organizations can detect and mitigate pharming attempts before they can cause significant harm.

Isolate Critical DNS Infrastructure

Segregating DNS infrastructure from other network services reduces the attack surface and limits the potential for DNS-related exploits. Using dedicated servers for DNS operations and restricting access to authorized personnel only helps protect DNS settings from unauthorized modifications. Implementing strict access controls and regular audits ensures the integrity of DNS infrastructure. 

Additionally, employing network segmentation and isolation techniques can further protect DNS servers from lateral movement by attackers. By isolating critical DNS infrastructure, organizations can minimize the risk of pharming attacks and ensure the reliability and security of their DNS services.

5 Ways to Mitigate Phishing 

Implement Email Filtering and Anti-Phishing Tools

Deploy advanced email filtering solutions that can detect and block phishing attempts before they reach users’ inboxes. These tools use various techniques, such as machine learning, heuristic analysis, and blacklists, to identify and filter out suspicious emails. 

Anti-phishing tools can also scan links and attachments for malicious content, preventing users from inadvertently downloading malware or navigating to fraudulent websites. Regularly updating these tools ensures they stay effective against the latest phishing tactics.

Enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide two or more verification factors to access their accounts. This could include something they know (password), something they have (smartphone or security token), or something they are (biometric verification). 

By implementing MFA, even if an attacker successfully acquires a user’s credentials through phishing, they would still need the additional verification factor to gain access, significantly reducing the risk of unauthorized access.

Conduct Phishing Simulations

Regularly simulate phishing attacks within the organization to educate employees on identifying and responding to phishing attempts. These simulations can provide practical training, helping users recognize common signs of phishing, such as suspicious links, unexpected attachments, or requests for sensitive information. 

By conducting these exercises, organizations can assess the effectiveness of their training programs and identify areas where additional education or reinforcement is needed.

Utilize Browser Security Features

Encourage the use of web browsers with built-in anti-phishing features. Modern browsers can identify and block access to known phishing sites, providing users with warnings when they attempt to visit potentially harmful websites. 

Features like Google’s Safe Browsing, Microsoft’s SmartScreen Filter, and dedicated browser security extensions, continuously update their databases of malicious sites, offering real-time protection against phishing attacks. Ensuring that browsers are up-to-date with the latest security patches also helps mitigate risks.

Educate and Train Employees

Regularly educate employees about phishing threats and best practices for avoiding them. Training should cover the importance of verifying the authenticity of emails, avoiding clicking on suspicious links, and never sharing sensitive information through email. 

Keeping employees informed about the latest phishing tactics and trends can empower them to recognize and report phishing attempts promptly. Providing ongoing education through workshops, newsletters, and online courses helps reinforce a culture of cybersecurity awareness.

Prevent Phishing with Perception Point

Perception Point uses AI to fight AI to protect the modern workspace across email, browsers, and SaaS apps by uniquely combining an advanced AI-powered threat prevention solution with a managed incident response service. By fusing GenAI technology and human insight, Perception Point protects the productivity tools that matter the most to your business against any cyber threat. 

Patented AI-powered detection technology, scale-agnostic dynamic scanning, and multi-layered architecture intercept all social engineering attempts, file & URL-based threats, malicious insiders, and data leaks. Perception Point’s platform is enhanced by cutting-edge LLM models to thwart known and emerging threats.

Reduce resource spend and time needed to secure your users’ email and workspace apps. Our all-included 24/7 Incident Response service, powered by autonomous AI and cybersecurity experts, manages our platform for you. No need to optimize detection, hunt for new threats, remediate incidents, or handle user requests. We do it for you — in record time.

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